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Contraception - Evidence
References

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The following references were cited in June 2008. References dated after this reflect new evidence incorporated since original publication of this topic.

  1. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2004a) Summary of product characteristics for Dianette. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  2. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2004b) Summary of product characteristics for Cerazette 75 microgram film-coated tablet. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  3. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2004c) Summary of product characteristics for Depo-Provera 150mg/ml injection. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  4. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2004d) Summary of product characteristics for Mirena. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  5. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2004e) Summary of product characteristics for Noristerat. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  6. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2005) Summary of product characteristics for Xenical. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk
  7. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2006) Summary of product characteristics for Implanon 68mg implant for subdermal use. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  8. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2007a) Summary of product characteristics for Evra transdermal patch. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  9. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2007b) Summary of product characteristics for Lamictal combined tablets. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  10. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2009a) Summary of product characteristics for Evra transdermal patch. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  11. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2009b) Summary of product characteristics for Nuvaring. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  12. Arowojolu, A.O., Gallo, M., Lopez, L.M. et al. (2007) Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.thecochranelibrary.com [Free Full-text]
  13. BASHH (2005) UK national guideline on the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association for Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). www.bashh.org [Free Full-text]
  14. Belfield, T. (Ed.) (1999) FPA contraceptive handbook: a guide for family planning and other health professionals. 3rd edn. London: Family Planning Association.
  15. Belfield, T., Carter, Y., Matthews, P. et al. (Eds.) (2006) The handbook of sexual health in primary care. 2nd edn. London: FPA.
  16. BMA and NHS Employers (2009) QOF changes and new indicators for 2009/10. British Medical Association. www.bma.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  17. BNF 53 (2007) British National Formulary. 53rd edn. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
  18. Brechin, S. (2007) Personal communication. Director, Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care:
  19. British Society for Haematology (2001) Investigation and management of heritable thrombophilia. British Journal of Haematology 114(3), 512-528. [Free Full-text]
  20. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996a) Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347(9017), 1713-1727. [Abstract]
  21. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996b) Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception 54(3 Suppl), 1S-106S. [Abstract]
  22. CSM (1998) Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance 24(March), 1-4. [Free Full-text]
  23. CSM (2002) Cyproterone acetate (Dianette): risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance 28(Oct), 9-10. [Free Full-text]
  24. CSM (2004) Updated prescribing advice on the effect of Depo-Provera contraception on bones. Committee on Safety of Medicines. www.dh.gov.uk [Free Full-text]
  25. Davis, A.R. and Castano, P.M. (2004) Oral contraceptives and libido in women. Annual Review of Sex Research 15, 297-320. [Abstract]
  26. DH (1999) Press release: oral contraceptives - clearer information. Department of Health. www.dh.gov.uk
  27. DH (2001) Reference guide to consent for examination or treatment [Superseded]. Department of Health. www.dh.gov.uk [Free Full-text]
  28. DH (2002) Judicial review of emergency contraception. R v Secretary of State for Health (Defendant) & (1) Schering Health Care Ltd (2) Family Planning Association (Interested Parties), Ex Parte John Smeaton (on behalf of The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children) (Claimant). 2002 EWCH 610 (Admin), 2002, Crim LR 665. Department of Health. www.dh.gov.uk
  29. DH (2010) Clinical practice guidance for the assessment of young women aged 20-24 with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Department of Health. www.dh.gov.uk [Free Full-text]
  30. DTB (1993) Femidom - a condom for women. Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin 31(4), 15-16.
  31. DTB (2003) Is Cerazette the minipill of choice? Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin 41(9), 68-69. [Abstract]
  32. Farmer, P. (2007) Personal communication. Category Information Analyst, Durex, SSL International Plc:
  33. FFPRHC (2002) UK selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  34. FFPRHC (2003) New product review: desogestrel-only pill (Cerazette). Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  35. FFPRHC (2004a) FFPRHC guidance (January 2004): the copper intrauterine device as long-term contraception. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 30(1), 29-42. [Free Full-text]
  36. FFPRHC (2004b) FFPRHC guidance (October 2004): contraceptive choices for young people [Superseded]. Journal Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 30(4), 237-251. [Free Full-text]
  37. FFPRHC (2004c) New product review (September 2003): Norelgestromin/ethinyl oestradiol transdermal contraceptive system (Evra). Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  38. FFPRHC (2004d) FFPRHC guidance (April 2004): the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in contraception and reproductive health. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 30(2), 99-109. [Free Full-text]
  39. FFPRHC (2004e) Statement on MHRA guidance on Depo-Provera. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  40. FFPRHC (2004f) FFPRHC guidance (July 2004). Contraceptive choices for breastfeeding women. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 30(3), 181-189. [Free Full-text]
  41. FFPRHC (2005a) FFPRHC guidance (July 2005): the use of contraception outside the terms of the product licence [Withdrawn]. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 31(3), 225-241. [Abstract] [Free Full-text]
  42. FFPRHC (2005b) Faculty statement from the CEU on a new publication: WHO selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use update. Missed pills: new recommendations. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 31(2), 153-155. [Free Full-text]
  43. FFPRHC (2005c) For women who have experienced loss of libido while using the combined oral contraceptive Marvelon, is there evidence of an association, and can the etonogestrel implant be used safely instead? Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk
  44. FFPRHC (2005d) FFPRHC guidance (April 2005): drug interactions with hormonal contraception. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 31(2), 139-151. [Free Full-text]
  45. FFPRHC (2006a) UK medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use [Superseded]. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  46. FFPRHC (2006b) FFPRHC guidance (April 2006): emergency contraception. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 32(2), 121-128. [Free Full-text]
  47. FFPRHC (2006c) Service standards for sexual health services. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  48. FFPRHC (2007a) Male and female condoms. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  49. FFPRHC (2007b) First prescription of combined oral contraception. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  50. FFPRHC (2007c) Do women who weigh over 70kg need to take two progestogen-only pills? Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk
  51. FFPRHC (2007d) Female barrier methods. Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  52. FFPRHC and BASHH (2006) The management of women of reproductive age attending non-genitourinary medicine settings complaining of vaginal discharge. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 32(1), 33-42. [Free Full-text]
  53. FPA (2007) Your guide to contraception. Helping you choose the method of contraception that is best for you [Superseded]. Family Planning Association. www.fpa.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  54. Frank-Herrmann, P., Heil, J., Gnoth, C. et al. (2007) The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study. Human Reproduction 22(5), 1310-1319. [Abstract] [Free Full-text]
  55. FSRH (2007) FSRH guidance (November 2007): intrauterine contraception. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  56. FSRH (2008a) FSRH guidance (April 2008): progestogen-only implants. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  57. FSRH (2008b) FSRH guidance (November 2008): progestogen-only pills [Superseded]. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  58. FSRH (2008c) FSRH guidance (November 2008): progestogen-only injectable contraception [Superseded]. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  59. FSRH (2009a) Combined vaginal ring (NuvaRing®). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  60. FSRH (2009b) UK medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. www.fsrh.org [Free Full-text]
  61. FSRH (2010a) Antiepileptic drugs and contraception - CEU statement (January 2010). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care. www.fsrh.org [Free Full-text]
  62. FSRH (2010b) Contraceptive choices for young people. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  63. FSRH (2010c) Contraception for women aged over 40 years. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare Clinical Guidance. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  64. FSRH (2010d) CEU statement (September 2010). Nexplanon®. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health Care. http://www.fsrh.org [Free Full-text]
  65. FSRH (2010e) Quick starting contraception. Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org [Free Full-text]
  66. FSRH and RCOG (2009) Management of unscheduled bleeding in women using hormonal contraception. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. www.ffprhc.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  67. Furlong, L.A. (2002) Ectopic pregnancy risk when contraception fails. A review. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 47(11), 881-885. [Abstract]
  68. Gallo, M.F., Grimes, D.A. and Schulz, K.F. (2003) Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.thecochranelibrary.com
  69. Gallo, M.F., Nanda, K., Grimes, D.A. and Schulz, K.F. (2005) 20 mcg versus >20 mcg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 2. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.thecochranelibrary.com
  70. Gallo, M.F., Grimes, D.A., Schulz, K.F. and Helmerhorst, F.M. (2006) Combination contraceptives: effects on weight (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.thecochranelibrary.com
  71. Guillebaud, J. (2007) Contraception today: a pocketbook for primary care practitioners. London: Informa Healthcare.
  72. Hatcher, R.A., Rinehart, W., Blackburn, R. et al. (1997a) The essentials of contraceptive technology: a handbook for clinic staff. Chapter 14 - fertility awareness-based methods including periodic abstinence. Population Information Program. www.k4health.org [Free Full-text]
  73. Hatcher, R.A., Rinehart, W., Blackburn, R. et al. (1997b) The essentials of contraceptive technology: a handbook for clinic staff. Chapter 15 - lactational amenorrhea method (LAM). Popultation Information Program. www.infoforhealth.org [Free Full-text]
  74. Hatcher, R.A., Rinehart, W., Blackburn, R. et al. (1997c) The essentials of contraceptive technology: a handbook for clinic staff. Chapter 12 - intrauterine devices (IUDs). Population Information Program. www.infoforhealth.org [Free Full-text]
  75. Heinemann, L.A. and Dinger, J.C. (2007) Range of published estimates of venous thromboembolism incidence in young women. Contraception 75(5), 328-336. [Abstract]
  76. Loder, E.W., Buse, D.C. and Golub, J.R. (2005) Headache as a side effect of combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: a systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193(3), 636-649. [Abstract]
  77. Luukkainen, T., Allonen, H., Haukkamaa, M. et al. (1986) Five years' experience with levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs. Contraception 33(2), 139-148. [Abstract]
  78. MacGregor, E.A. (2007) Migraine and use of combined hormonal contraceptives: a clinical review. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 33(3), 159-169.
  79. Makarainen, L., van Beek, A., Tuomivaara, L. et al. (1998) Ovarian function during the use of a single contraceptive implant: Implanon compared with Norplant. Fertility & Sterility 69(4), 714-721. [Abstract]
  80. McCann, M.F. and Potter, L.S. (1994) Progestin-only oral contraception: a comprehensive review. Contraception 50(6 Suppl 1), S1-S195. [Abstract]
  81. MeReC (2006) Contraception - current issues. MeReC Bulletin 17(2), 1-9. [Free Full-text]
  82. MHRA (2010) Yasmin: update on risk of venous thromboembolism. Drug Safety Update 3(9), 2-3. [Free Full-text]
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  84. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (2005) Long-acting reversible contraception: the effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception (full NICE guideline). RCOG Press. www.nice.org.uk [Free Full-text]
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  111. WHO (2002) Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use [Superseded]. World Health Organization. www.who.int [Free Full-text]
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