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Insect bites and stings - Evidence
References

All references with links to [Free Full-text] are freely available online to users in the UK. Links to PubMed abstracts are also provided where available. CKS is not responsible for the content of external sites.

Free Full-text links are to dynamic documents that may have been updated since they were originally cited in the CKS topic. All links are checked regularly by CKS Information Specialists and updated to the latest version. Changes in the content of updated documents will not be reflected in the CKS topic text until the next revision.

The following references were cited in April 2007. References cited after this date reflect new evidence incorporated since original publication of this topic.

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  2. ABPI Medicines Compendium (2008) Summary of product characteristics for Floxapen capsules 500mg. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. www.emc.medicines.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  3. Belaich, S., Bruttmann, G., Degreef, H. et al. (1990) Comparative effects of loratadine and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Annals of Allergy 64(2 Pt 2), 191-194. [Abstract]
  4. Bilo, B.M., Rueff, F., Mosbech, H. et al. (2005) Diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy 60(11), 1339-1349. [Abstract]
  5. BNF 52 (2006) British National Formulary. 52nd edn. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
  6. Breneman, D., Bronsky, E.A., Bruce, S. et al. (1995) Cetirizine and astemizole therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 33(2 Pt 1), 192-198. [Abstract]
  7. Burns, D.A. (2004) Diseases caused by arthropods and other noxious animals. In: Burns, T., Breathnach, S., Cox, N. and Griffiths, C. (Eds.) Rook's textbook of dermatology. 7th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 33.1-33.63.
  8. CCDR (2005) Statement on personal protective measures to prevent arthropod bites. Canada Communicable Disease Report 31(ACS-4), 1-20. [Free Full-text]
  9. CDC (2005) Tick tips. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov
  10. Chiodini, P., Hill, D., Lalloo, D. et al. (2007) Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom. Health Protection Agency. www.hpa.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  11. CSM (2004) Reminder: flucloxacillin and serious hepatic disorders. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance 30(Oct), 9. [Free Full-text]
  12. DTB (2002) Oral antihistamines for allergic disorders. Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin 40(8), 59-62. [Abstract]
  13. DTB (2003) Topical steroids for atopic dermatitis in primary care. Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin 41(1), 5-8. [Abstract]
  14. Ewan, P.W. (1998) ABC of allergies: venom allergy. British Medical Journal 316(7141), 1365-1368. [Free Full-text]
  15. Finch, R.G, Greenwood, D, Norrby, S.R. and Whitley, R.J. (2003) Antibiotic and chemotherapy: anti-infective agents and their use in therapy. 8th edn. London: Churchill Livingstone.
  16. Glaser, D. (2007) Are wasp and bee stings alkali or acid and does neutralising their pH give sting relief? Insect Stings. www.insectstings.co.uk
  17. Grattan, C., Powell, S., Humphreys, F. and British Association of Dermatologists (2001) Management and diagnostic guidelines for urticaria and angio-oedema. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4), 708-714. [Abstract]
  18. HPA (2006a) Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Health Protection Agency. www.hpa.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  19. HPA (2006b) West Nile virus. Health Protection Agency. www.hpa.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  20. HPA (2006c) Frequently asked questions on Lyme borreliosis. Health Protection Agency. www.hpa.org.uk [Free Full-text]
  21. HPA (2007) Taking a walk on the wild side? Be tick aware says the Health Protection Agency. Health Protection Agency. www.hpa.org.uk
  22. Hunter, J.A.A, Savin, J.A. and Dahl, M.V. (Eds.) (2002) Infestations. In: Clinical dermatology. 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
  23. Kaplan, A.P., Spector, S.L., Meeves, S. et al. (2005) Once-daily fexofenadine treatment for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 94(6), 662-669. [Abstract]
  24. Karppinen, A., Kautiainen, H., Reunala, T. et al. (2000) Loratadine in the treatment of mosquito-bite-sensitive children. Allergy 55(7), 668-671. [Abstract]
  25. Karppinen, A., Kautiainen, H., Petman, L. et al. (2002) Comparison of cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine in the treatment of immediate mosquito-bite allergy. Allergy 57(6), 534-537. [Abstract]
  26. Kemp, E.D. (1998) Bites and stings of the arthropod kind. Treating reactions that can range from annoying to menacing. Postgraduate Medicine 103(6), 88-90. [Abstract]
  27. Klein, P.A. and Clark, R.A. (1999) An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Archives of Dermatology 135(12), 1522-1525. [Abstract]
  28. McNulty, C. (2006) Personal communication. Head, HPA Primary Care Unit, Health Protection Agency: Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester.
  29. MeReC (1999) Using topical corticosteroids in general practice. MeReC Bulletin 10(6), 21-24. [Free Full-text]
  30. MeReC (2004) Common questions about hay fever. MeReC Bulletin 14(5), 17-20. [Free Full-text]
  31. Micromedex (2007) MICROMEDEX [CD-ROM]. (Vol 131, 1st quarter 2007). Thomson Healthcare.
  32. Millikan, L.E. (1993) Papular urticaria. Seminars in Dermatology 12(1), 53-56. [Abstract]
  33. Moffitt, J.E. (2003) Allergic reactions to insect stings and bites. Southern Medical Journal 96(11), 1073-1079. [Abstract]
  34. Moffitt, J.E., Golden, D.B., Reisman, R.E. et al. (2004) Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 114(4), 869-886.
  35. Parish, L.C. and Schwartzman, R.M. (1993) Zoonoses of dermatological interest. Seminars in Dermatology 12(1), 57-64. [Abstract]
  36. Reisman, R.E. (1994) Insect stings. New England Journal of Medicine 331(8), 523-527.
  37. Roberts, J.R. and Reigart, J.R. (2004) Does anything beat DEET? Pediatric Annals 33(7), 443-453. [Abstract]
  38. Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2005) Guidance on the management of fleas and ticks in cats and dogs. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. www.rpsgb.org.uk
  39. SIGN and BTS (2005) 2005 update to the British guideline on the management of asthma [Withdrawn]. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and British Thoracic Society. www.sign.ac.uk
  40. Spickett, G.P. (2003) Personal communication. Immunologist, Newcastle General Hospital: Newcastle upon Tyne.
  41. Steen, C.J., Janniger, C.K., Schutzer, S.E. and Schwartz, R.A. (2005) Insect sting reactions to bees, wasps, and ants. International Journal of Dermatology 44(2), 91-94. [Abstract]
  42. Stibich, A.S. (2005) Papular urticaria. eMedicine. WebMD. www.emedicine.com [Free Full-text]
  43. Stibich, A.S. and Schwartz, R.A. (2001) Papular urticaria. Cutis 68(2), 89-91. [Abstract]
  44. The Anaphylaxis Campaign (2005) Allergy to bee and wasp stings. The Anaphylaxis Campaign. www.anaphylaxis.org.uk
  45. Wilson, D.C. and King, L.E. (2003) Arthropod bites and stings. In: Freedberg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K. et al. (Eds.) Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. 5th edn. London: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 240. 2685-2695.
  46. Zuberbier, T., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Canonica, W. et al. (2006) EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF guideline: management of urticaria. Allergy 61(3), 321-331. [Abstract] [Free Full-text]

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